History
The Australian Stock Horse evolved through selective breeding in response
to the demands of the environment. The history of the breed began in 1788 with
the arrival of the First Fleet which brought the first horses to the colony of
N.S.W., as the whole of eastern Australia was then known. These horses were of
English
Thoroughbred and Spanish stock; later importations included more
Thoroughbreds,
Arabs and Timor and
Welsh Mountain ponies.
Horses arriving in the colony needed strength and stamina - not only to
survive the long sea voyage (which took between nine and twelve months) - but
also to work in foreign, untamed environment which had become their home.
After the crossing of the Blue Mountains as settlers ventured inland, strong
and reliable horses became a necessity. Explorers, stockmen, settlers,
bushrangers and troopers all relied on horses which could travel long
distances day after day. Weak horses were culled, and only the stronger types
were used to breed the sturdy saddle horses essential for the colony's
development.
Despite the mixed origins of these horses, they developed into a strong and
handsome type which was eventually called the Waler after the colony of N.S.W.
J.C. Byrne in his "Twelve Years Wandering the British Colonies" (1848) wrote
"...the race of horse at present in use in Australia is not to be surpassed in
the world for symmetry and endurance. It is hard to say exactly how they are
bred for there have been large importations of mares from Chile and Peru,
stallions of the pure Arab breed from India, and also from England and the
Cape of Good Hope. Much pains have been bestowed on the breeding of these
animals and the results have rightly rewarded the exertion." Exploits of the
explorers and stockmen and their reliable horses in the Australian bush became
folklore, and stories such as "The Man from Snowy River" and "Clancy of the
Overflow" depict the character of these pioneers and their horses.
The hardiness of the Waler
made him a natural mount for the cavalry and when the British found themselves
undermounted at the time of the Indian Mutiny, the Waler came to the rescue.
The earliest shipment to India was in 1857 when 29 horses were sent from
Sydney to Calcutta. They proved superior to the local breeds and the remount
officers were quickly commissioned to buy more. They initially chose 250 - a
small number compared with later purchases - during 1858, 2500 were sent to
India. In the Boer War, the Waler was exported in even greater numbers and
from 1899 to 1902 about 16,000 horses served in such regiments as the Lancers,
Commonwealth Horse, Mounted Rifles and Bushman's Troop.
Later, in the Middle East during the First World War, the British generals
called again for Australian Light Horse regiments and their Light Horse
regiments and their stock horse remounts. About 160,000 Australian horses
served in World War I with generals and cavalrymen from 20 nations, from both
sides, accepting that these horses were more reliable and had greater
endurance than other breeds. The English cavalryman, Lt. Col. R.M.P. Preston,
D.S.O., in his book "The Desert Mounted Corps" described the stamina and
spirit of the Australian Light Horse"... Calvary Division had covered nearly
170 miles... and their horses had been watered on an average of once in every
36 hours... The heat, too, had been intense and the short rations, 9 1/2 lbs.
of grain per day without bulk food, had weakened them considerably. Indeed,
the hardship endured by some horses was almost incredible. One of the
batteries of the Australian Mounted Division had only been able to water its
horses three times in the last nine days - the actual intervals being 68, 72
and 76 hours respectively, yet this battery on its arrival had lost only eight
horses from exhaustion... the majority of the horses in the Corps were Walers,
and there is no doubt that these hardy Australian horses make the finest
cavalry mount in the world...." Sadly, only one Waler returned after the war;
the remainder were either killed in action or shot to ensure that they would
not fall into the hands of the Arabs or Egyptians. This was indeed a great
tragedy for the Australian Lighthorsemen who were so proud of their horses.
Although many good breeding stock left Australia never to return, the huge
shipments did not seem to affect the horses population at home. In 1906,
Australia has 1,765,186 horses and in 1918 when the human census was 5,030,479
there were 2,527,149 horses.
Forming the Breed
After the First World War,
despite the recognition Australian horses had won and although the Waler was
known as a distinctive type, there was not stud book or registry.
Mechanization of primary industries reduced the need for working horses and it
was not until the 1960s that an interest in horses was revived. This revival
sprang from the increasing leisure time available to society. At the 1971
Sydney Royal Show, Mr. Alex Braid of Wellington, N.S.W., and Mr. Bert Griffith
of Scone gathered a group of enthusiasts together to discuss the formation of
a society. In June, 1971, about 100 people met at Tamworth to launch the
Australian Stock Horse Society, which at last gave our home-bred horses the
recognition and formal organization they deserved. The first step was to
appoint classifiers who could asses horses offered for inspection. To qualify
for inclusion in the Australian Stock Horse Stud Book a horse had to score at
least 50 points out of a possible 100; stallions and mares scoring slightly
less than 50, and all acceptable geldings went into an appendix. The maximum
score is broken down into 60 points for conformation, 20 points for breeding
and 20 points for ability. The Society quickly spread and branches were soon
formed in Queensland, South Australia and the Northern Territory. The movement
reached Victoria in 1973 and later Western Australia and Tasmania. By 1979
membership had increased from the initial hundred to 12000 and the society's
classifiers had accepted more than 40000 horses for registration.
Reference:
The Australian Stock Horse Society Limited, SCONE NSW, Australia
Photographs:
The Australian Stock Horse Society Limited, SCONE NSW, Australia
